The brothers found that, when stress was applied to some crystals, such as quartz, Rochelle salt, tourmaline, topaz, and sugar cane, electrical charges were generated at their surface and the voltage was found to be equivalent to the applied stress (Thomas et al. Piezoelectricity was first discovered in 1880 by the brothers Jacques and Pierre Curie (Koptsik and Rez 1981). 2011), the Simon filter used in treatment of cardiovascular disease (Petrini and Migliavacca 2011), and special materials used to create shape memory staples for orthopedics (Seil and Webster 2008).įull size image History of piezoelectricity 2021), materials used in orthodontics (McCabe et al. 2003), clippers and nitinol staples (Chaudhari et al. 2007), super-elastic self-expanding nitinol stents (Duerig et al. 2020), biomedical devices like artificial muscles (Shahinpoor et al. Some applications of smart materials in regenerative medicine include tissue engineering (Wang 2017b 2016), drug delivery (Sponchioni et al. 2018), photoactive materials (Marshall and Dimova-Malinovska, 2002), and ferroelectric materials (Cordero‐Edwards et al. 2004), shape memory materials (Otsuka and Wayman 1999), chromoactive materials (García Huete 2017), magneto-rheological materials (Ahamed et al. Notable among these new developments are piezoelectric materials (Vijaya 2012), pyroelectric materials (Tzou et al. 2004), with new ones being developed on a daily basis (Akhras 2000 Nerkar et al. 2019).Ī range of different types of smart materials are currently available (Wadley 1996 Tzou et al. Because of the various possibilities for using smart materials as candidates for producing the next generation of biomedical devices, temporary implants, and drug delivery vehicles, smart materials have piqued the curiosity of both scientists and clinicians (Fernandes et al. 2021) with all of these stimuli able to induce some particular change in the characteristics of the smart material in a controlled manner (Jacob et al. Examples of such external stimuli include changes in temperature (Fairman and Åkerfeldt 2005), pH, specific chemicals, and electric or magnetic fields (Anju et al. 2014) designate a special quality in which the material plays an active role with the “smartness” determined by its inherent ability to sense, diagnose, and respond to outside stimuli (Roy et al. Bio-smart materials (also called reactive, responsive materials or intelligent functional materials) (Ebara et al. Nowadays, bio-smart materials which are able to respond to external triggers and mimicking the natural biological tissue have attracted remarkable attention (Binyamin et al. For many decades, a major focus of the research in biomaterial field has been concerned with designing biocompatible materials capable of interacting with the biological system-so-called bioactive materials (Enderle 2005).
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